| Kangxi Emperor | |
|---|---|
|
|
|
| Reign | 5 February 1661 –
20 December 1722 |
| Coronation | 1667 |
| Predecessor | Shunzhi Emperor |
| Successor | Yongzheng Emperor |
| Regent | Sonin (1661-1667) Ebilun Suksaha (1661-1669) Oboi (1661-1670) |
| Spouse | Empress Xiaochengren Empress Xiaozhaoren Empress Xiaoyiren Empress Xiaogongren |
| Issue | |
| Yinzhi, Prince Zhi Rongxian, Princess of Baarin Yinreng, Prince Li Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank Yinzhi, Prince Cheng Yinzhen, Yongzheng Emperor Kejing, Princess of the Khalkha Mongols Yinqi, Prince Heng Yinyou, Prince Chun Yinsi, Prince Lian State Princess Wenxian Yintang Yin'e State Princess Chunque Yintao, Prince Lü Yinxiang, 1st Prince Yi Princess Wenke of the Second Rank Yinti, Prince Xun Princess Quejing of the Second Rank Princess Dunke of the Second Rank Yinwu, Prince Yu Yinlu, Prince Zhuang Yinli, Prince Guo Yinyi, Beile Yinxi, Prince Shen Yinhu, Beile Yinqi, Beile Yinmi, Prince Xian |
|
| Full name | |
| Chinese: Àixīn-Juéluó Xuányè (愛新覺羅玄燁) Manchu: Aisin Gioro hala i Hiowan Yei |
|
| Posthumous name | |
| Emperor Hétiān Hóngyùn Wénwǔ Ruìzhé Gōngjiǎn Kuānyù Xiàojìng Chéngxìn Zhōnghé Gōngdé Dàchéng Rén 合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝[] |
|
| Temple name | |
| Qing Shengzu (清聖祖) |
|
| Father | Shunzhi Emperor |
| Mother | Empress Xiaokangzhang |
| Born | 4 May 1654 Beijing, Qing Empire |
| Died | 20 December 1722 (aged 68) Beijing, Qing Empire |
| Burial | Eastern Qing Tombs, Zunhua |
The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: 康熙帝; pinyin: Kāngxīdì; Wade–Giles: K'ang-hsi-ti; temple name: Qīng Shèngzǔ (清聖祖); Manchu: ᡝᠯᡥᡝ ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ elhe taifin hūwangdi ; Mongolian: Энх-Амгалан хаан, 4 May 1654 –20 December 1722) was the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty[1][2], the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Pass (Beijing) and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.
Kangxi's reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese emperor in history (although his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, had the longest period of de facto power) and one of the longest-reigning rulers in the world. However, having ascended the throne at the age of seven, he was not the effective ruler until later, with that role temporarily fulfilled for six years by four regents and his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang.
Kangxi is considered one of China's greatest emperors. He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning on Taiwan to submit to Qing rule, blocked Tzarist Russia on the Amur River and expanded the empire in the northwest. He also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary.
Kangxi's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong", which lasted for generations after his own lifetime. By the end of his reign, the Qing Empire controlled all of China proper, Taiwan, Manchuria, part of the Russian Far East (Outer Manchuria), both Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet proper, and Joseon Korea as a protectorate.
Contents |
Born on 4 May 1654 to the Shunzhi Emperor and Empress Xiaokangzhang, Kangxi was originally given the personal name Xuanye (Chinese: 玄燁 ; Manchu language: ᡥᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ ᠶᡝᡳ ; Möllendorff transliteration: hiowan yei). He was enthroned at the age of seven (or eight by East Asian age reckoning), on 7 February 1661, 12 days after his father's death, although his reign formally began on 18 February 1662, the first day of the following lunar year.
According to some accounts, Shunzhi gave up the throne to Kangxi and became a monk. Several alternative explanations are given for this: one is that it was due to the death of his favorite concubine; another is that he was under the influence of a Buddhist monk. The story goes that Shunzhi did indeed became a monk, but the empress dowager ordered the deletion of the incident from official history records, and replacement with the claim that he died from smallpox.
Before Kangxi came to the throne, Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang (in the name of Shunzhi Emperor) had appointed the powerful men Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as regents. Sonin died after his granddaughter became Empress Xiaochengren, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and seized absolute power as sole regent. Kangxi and the rest of the imperial court acquiesced in this arrangement.
In 1669, Kangxi had Oboi arrested with the help of Grand Dowager Empress Xiaozhuang, who had raised him[3] and began taking personal control of the empire. He listed three issues of concern: flood control of the Yellow River; repair of the Grand Canal; the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in south China. The Grand Empress Dowager influenced him greatly and he took care of her himself in the months leading up to her death in 1688.[3]
The main army of the Qing Empire, the Eight Banners Army, was in decline under Kangxi. It was smaller than it had been at its peak under Hong Taiji and in the early reign of the Shunzhi Emperor; however, it was larger than in the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors' reigns. In addition, the Green Standard Army was still powerful with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Shun Shike and Wang Jingbao.
The main reason for this decline was a change in system between Kangxi and Qianlong's reigns. Kangxi continued using the traditional military system implemented by his predecessors, which was more efficient and stricter. According to the system, a commander who returned from a battle alone (with all his men dead) would be put to death, and likewise for a foot soldier. This was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike to fight valiantly in war because there was no benefit for the sole survivor in a battle.
By Qianlong's reign, military commanders had become lax and the training of the army was deemed less important as compared to during the previous emperors' reigns. This was because commanders' statuses had become hereditary; a general gained his position based on the contributions of his forefathers.
In the spring of 1662, the regents ordered a Great Clearance in southern China to counter a resistance movement started by Ming loyalists under the leadership of Koxinga. This involved the forced migration of entire populations in the coastal regions of inland southern China.
In 1673, the Revolt of the Three Feudatories broke out. Wu Sangui's forces overran most of southwest China and he tried to ally himself with local generals such as Wang Fuchen. Kangxi employed generals such as Zhou Peigong and Tuhai to suppress the rebellion, and also granted clemency to the common people who were caught up in the war. He intended to personally lead the armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The revolt ended with victory for Qing forces in 1681.
In 1683, the Kingdom of Tungning was defeated by Qing naval forces under the command of admiral Shi Lang at the Battle of Penghu. Zheng Keshuang, ruler of Tungning, surrendered a few days later, and Taiwan was annexed by the Qing Empire. Soon afterwards, the coastal regions of southern China were ordered to be repopulated. In addition, to encourage settlers, the Qing government granted financial incentives to families that settled there.
In 1673, Kangxi's government helped to mediate a truce in the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in Vietnam, which had been ongoing for 45 years since 1627. The peace treaty that was signed between the conflicting parties lasted for 101 years until 1774.[4]
In the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the Russian Empire in a series of border conflicts along the Amur River region, which concluded with victory for the Qing side. After the Siege of Albazin, he gained control of the area.
The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in the 1680s. After a series of battles and negotiations, both sides signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, in which a border was fixed, and the Amur River valley given to the Qing Empire.
In 1675, Burni of the Chahar Mongols started a rebellion against the Qing Empire. The revolt was crushed within two months and the Chahars were incorporated in the Manchu Eight Banners.
The Khalkha Mongols had preserved their independence, and only paid tribute to the Qing Empire. However, a conflict between the houses of Tümen Jasagtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led to a dispute between the Khalkha and the Dzungars over the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688, as the Khalkhas were fighting wars with Russian Cossacks in the north of their territory, the Dzungar chief, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, attacked the Khalkha from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu crossed the Gobi Desert and sought help from the Qing Empire in return for submission to Qing authority. In 1690, the Dzungars and Qing forces clashed at the Battle of Ulaan Butun in Inner Mongolia, in which the Qing eventually emerged as the victor.
In 1696, Kangxi personally led three armies, totaling 80,000 in strength, in a campaign against the Dzungars. The western section of the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the Battle of Jao Modo and Galdan died in the following year.
The Dzungars continued to threaten the Qing Empire and invaded Tibet in 1717. In response to the deposition of the Dalai Lama and his replacement with Lha-bzang Khan in 1706, they took control of Lhasa with a 6,000 strong army and removed Lha-bzang from power. They held on to the city for two years and defeated a Qing army sent to the region in 1718. The Qing did not take control of Lhasa until 1720, when Kangxi sent a larger force there to defeat the Dzungars.
The contents of the national treasury during Kangxi's reign were:
The reasons for the declining trend in the later years of Kangxi's reign were a huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in corruption. To fix the problem, Kangxi gave Prince Yong (the future Yongzheng Emperor) advice on how to make the economy more efficient.
During his reign, Kangxi ordered the compilation of a dictionary of Chinese characters, which became known as the Kangxi Dictionary. This was seen as an attempt by Kangxi to gain support from the Han Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, as many of them initially refused to serve him and remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty. However, by persuading the scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing imperial court, Kangxi led them to gradually taking on greater responsibilities until they were assuming the duties of state officials.
In 1705, on Kangxi's order, a compilation of Tang poetry, the Quantangshi, was produced.
Kangxi also was interested in Western technology and wanted to import them to China. This was done through Jesuit missionaries, such as Ferdinand Verbiest, whom Kangxi frequently summoned for meetings, or Karel Slavíček, who made the first precise map of Beijing on Kangxi's order.
From 1711 to 1723, Matteo Ripa, an Italian priest sent to China by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Qing court. In 1723, he returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to groom them to become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning of the Collegio dei Cinesi, sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to help the propagation of Christianity in China. This Chinese Institute was the first school of Sinology in Europe, which would later develop to become the Instituto Orientale and the present day Naples Eastern University.
Kangxi was also the first Chinese emperor to play a western musical instrument. He employed Karel Slavíček as court musician. Slavíček was playing Spinet; later Kangxi would play on it himself. He also invented a Chinese calendar.
In the early decades of Kangxi's reign, Jesuits played a large role in the imperial court. With their knowledge of astronomy, they ran the imperial observatory. Jean-François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira served as translators for the negotiations of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Kangxi was grateful to the Jesuits for their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and the innovations they offered his military in gun manufacturing[5] and artillery, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to conquer the Kingdom of Tungning.[6]
Kangxi was also fond of the Jesuits' respectful and unobtrusive manner; they spoke the Chinese language well, and wore the silk robes of the elite.[7] In 1692, when Fr. Thomas Pereira requested tolerance for Christianity, Kangxi was willing to oblige, and issued the Edict of Toleration,[8] which recognized Catholicism, barred attacks on their churches, and legalized their missions and the practice of Christianity by the Chinese people.[9]
However, controversy arose over whether Chinese Christians could still take part in traditional Confucian ceremonies and ancestor worship, with the Jesuits arguing for tolerance and the Dominicans taking a hard-line against foreign "idolatry". The Dominican position won the support of Pope Clement XI, who in 1705 sent Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon as his representative to Kangxi, to communicate the ban on Chinese rites.[5][10] On 19 March 1715, Pope Clement XI issued the papal bull Ex illa die, which officially condemned Chinese rites.[5]
In response, Kangxi officially forbade Christian missions in China, as they were "causing trouble".[11]
The matter of Kangxi's will is one of the "Four Greatest Mysteries of the Qing Dynasty". To this day, whom Kangxi chose as his successor is still a topic of debate amongst historians: on the face of things, he chose Yinzhen, the fourth prince, who later became the Yongzheng Emperor, and indeed there is strong evidence that this is correct. However many have claimed that Yinzhen forged the will, and that in reality the 14th prince Yinti, had been chosen as the successor.
Kangxi's first spouse, Empress Xiaochengren, gave birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who at the age of two was named crown prince, a Han Chinese custom, to ensure stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although Kangxi left the education of several of his sons to others, he personally oversaw the upbringing of Yinreng, intending to groom him into a perfect heir. Yinreng was tutored by the mandarin Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and spent the later years of his life trying to persuade Kangxi to restore Yinreng as the crown prince.
Yinreng did not prove himself to be worthy of the succession despite his father showing favoritism towards him. He was said to have beaten and killed his subordinates, and was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of his father's concubines, which was deemed as incest and a capital offence. Yinreng also purchased young children from Jiangsu to satisfy his pedophiliac pleasure. In addition, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, gradually formed a "Crown Prince Party" (太子黨), that aimed to help Yinreng get the throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods.
Over the years, Kangxi kept constant watch over Yinreng and became aware of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually deteriorated. In 1707, Kangxi decided that he could no longer tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which he partially mentioned in the imperial edict as "too embarrassing to be spoken of", and decided to strip Yinreng off his position as crown prince. Kangxi placed his oldest surviving son, Yinzhi, in charge of overseeing Yinreng's house arrest. However, Yinzhi attempted to sabotage Yinreng numerous times and requested for his father to order Yinreng's execution. Kangxi was enraged and stripped Yinzhi of his titles. Kangxi advised his subjects to stop debating about the succession issue, and despite attempts to reduce rumours and speculation as to who the new crown prince might be, the imperial court's daily activities were disrupted. Apart from that, Yinzhi's actions also caused Kangxi to suspect that Yinreng might have been framed, hence Kangxi restored Yinreng as crown prince in 1709, with the support of the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse that Yinreng had previously acted under the influence of mental illness.
In 1712, during Kangxi's last inspection tour to the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of state affairs during his father's absence, tried to vie for power again with his supporters. He allowed an attempt at forcing Kangxi to abdicate when his father returned to Beijing. However, Kangxi received news of the planned coup d'etat, and was so angry that he deposed Yinreng and placed him under house arrest again. After the incident, Kangxi announced that he would not appoint any of his sons as crown prince for the remainder of his reign. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, which will only be opened after his death.
Following the deposition of the crown prince, Kangxi implemented groundbreaking changes in the political landscape. The 13th prince, Yinxiang, was placed under house arrest as well for cooperating with Yinreng. The eighth prince Yinsi was stripped off all his titles and only had them restored years later. The 14th prince Yinti, whom many considered to be the most likely candidate to succeed Kangxi, was sent on a military campaign during the political conflict. Yinsi, along with the ninth and tenth princes, Yintang and Yin'e, pledged their support to Yinti.
In the evening of 20 December 1722 before his death, Kangxi called seven of his sons to assemble at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eight, ninth, tenth, 16th and 17th princes. After Kangxi died, Longkodo announced that Kangxi had selected the fourth prince, Yinzhen, as the new emperor. Yinzhen ascended to the throne and became known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Kangxi was entombed at the Eastern Tombs in Zunhua, Hebei.
Kangxi was the great consolidator of the Qing Dynasty. The transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the fall of the capital Beijing to the invading Manchus in 1644, and the installation of the five-year-old Shunzhi Emperor on their throne. By 1661, when Shunzhi died and was succeeded by Kangxi, the Qing conquest was almost complete and the leading Manchus were already adopting Chinese ways including Confucian ideology. Kangxi completed the conquest, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the ancient central government system with important modifications.
Kangxi was an inveterate workaholic, rising early and retiring late, reading and responding to numerous memorials every day, conferring with his councillors and giving audiences – and this was in normal times; in wartime, he might be reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or even, as with the Dzungar conflict, away on campaign in person.[13]
Kangxi devised a system of communication that circumvented the scholar-bureaucrats, who had a tendency to usurp the power of the emperor. This Palace Memorial System involved the transfer of secret messages between him and trusted officials in the provinces, where the messages were contained in locked boxes that only he and the official had access to. This started as a system for receiving uncensored extreme-weather reports, which the emperor regarded as divine comments on his rule. However, it soon evolved into a general-purpose secret "news channel". Out of this emerged a Grand Council, which dealt with extraordinary, especially military, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated Han Chinese household staff. From this council, the mandarin civil servants were excluded – they were left only with routine administration.[14]
Kangxi managed to seduce the Confucian intelligentsia into co-operating with the Qing government, despite their deep reservations about Manchu rule, by encouraging them to sit the traditional civil service examinations, become mandarins and subsequently to compose lavishly-conceived works of literature such the History of Ming, the Kangxi Dictionary, a phrase-dictionary, a vast encyclopedia and an even vaster compilation of Chinese literature. On a personal level, Kangxi was a cultivated man, steeped in Confucian learning.[15]
In the one military campaign in which he actively participated, against the Dzungar Mongols, Kangxi showed himself an effective military commander. According to Finer, Kangxi's own written reflections allow one to experience "how intimate and caring was his communion with the rank-and-file, how discriminating and yet masterful his relationship with his generals".[16]
As a result of the scaling down of hostilities as peace returned to China after the Manchu conquest, and also as a result of the ensuing rapid increase of population, land cultivation and therefore tax revenues based on agriculture, Kangxi was able first to make tax remissions, then in 1712 to freeze the land tax and corvée altogether, without embarrassing the state treasury.[17]
The total number is approximately 64.
Having the longest reign in Chinese history, Kangxi also has the most children of all Qing emperors. He had officially 24 sons and 12 daughters. The actual number is higher, as most of his children died from illness.
| Number1 | Name2 | Born | Died | Mother | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chengrui 承瑞 |
5 November 1667 | 10 July 1670 | Consort Rong | Died young | |
| Chenghu 承祜 |
4 January 1670 | 3 March 1672 | Empress Xiaochengren | Died young | |
| Chengqing 承慶 |
21 March 1670 | 26 May 1671 | Consort Hui | Died young | |
| Sayinchahun 賽音察渾 |
24 January 1672 | 6 March 1674 | Consort Rong | Died young | |
| 1 | Yinzhi 胤禔 |
12 March 1672 | 7 January 1735 | Consort Hui | Created Prince Zhi of the Second Rank (直郡王) in 1698; Stripped of his title in 1708; Buried with honors due a Beizi |
| Changhua 長華 |
11 May 1674 | 12 May 1674 | Consort Rong | Died young | |
| 2 | Yinreng 胤礽 |
6 June 1674 | 27 January 1725 | Empress Xiaochengren | Original name Baocheng (保成); Created Crown Prince in 1675; Stripped of his position in 1708; Re-created Crown Prince in 1709; Stripped of his position in 1712; Posthumously created Prince Li of the First Rank |
| Changsheng 長生 |
12 August 1675 | 27 April 1677 | Consort Rong | Died young | |
| Wanpu 萬黼 |
4 December 1675 | 11 March 1679 | Imperial Concubine Tong | Died young | |
| 3 | Yinzhi 胤祉 |
23 March 1674 | 10 July 1732 | Imperial Consort Rong | Created Prince Cheng of the Second Rank (誠郡王) in 1698; Demoted to a Beizi in 1730; Original title posthumously restored; Granted the posthumous name Yin (隱) |
| 4 | Yinzhen 胤禛 |
13 December 1678 | 8 October 1735 | Empress Xiaogongren | Created Prince Yong of the First Rank (雍親王) in 1709; Ascended the throne as the Yongzheng Emperor on 27 December 1722 |
| Yinzan 胤禶 |
10 April 1679 | 30 April 1680 | Imperial Concubine Tong | Died young | |
| 5 | Yinqi 胤祺 |
5 January 1680 | 10 July 1732 | Consort Yi | Created Prince Heng of the First Rank (恆親王) in 1698; Granted the posthumous name Wen (溫) |
| 6 | Yinzuo 胤祚 |
5 March 1680 | 15 June 1685 | Empress Xiaogongren | Died young |
| 7 | Yinyou 胤祐 |
19 August 1680 | 18 May 1730 | Consort Cheng | Created a Beile in 1698; Elevated to Prince Chun of the Second Rank (淳郡王) in 1709; Elevated further to Prince Chun of the First Rank (淳親王) in May 1723; Granted the posthumous name Du (度) |
| 8 | Yinsi 胤禩 |
29 March 1681 | 5 October 1726 | Consort Liang | Created Prince Lian of the First Rank (廉親王) in 1723; Stripped of his title and expelled from the imperial house in 1726; Forced to rename himself Akina (阿其那) ("pig") |
| Yinju 胤䄔 |
13 September 1683 | 17 July 1684 | Honored Lady Gorolo | Died young | |
| 9 | Yintang 胤禟 |
17 October 1683 | 22 September 1726 | Consort Yi | Created a Beizi in 1709; Stripped of his title and expelled from the imperial house in 1725; Forced to rename himself Sesihei (塞思黑) (“dog) |
| 10 | Yin’e 胤䄉 |
28 November 1683 | 18 October 1741 | Noble Consort Wen Xi | Created Prince Dun of the Second Rank (敦郡王) in 1709; Stripped of his title in 1724; Granted the title “Duke Who Assists the State" (輔國公) in 1737 |
| 11 | Yinzi 胤禌 |
8 June 1685 | 22 August 1696 | Consort Yi | Died young |
| 12 | Yintao 胤祹 |
8 June 1685 | 2 September 1763 | Consort Ding | Created Prince Lü of the First Rank (履親王) in 1709; Granted the posthumous name Yi (懿) |
| 13 | Yinxiang 胤祥 |
16 November 1686 | 18 June 1730 | Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min | Created Prince Yi of the First Rank (怡親王) in 1722; Was one of the Qing Dynasty’s 12 iron-cap princes |
| 14 | Yinti 胤禵 |
16 January 1688 | 13 January 1756 | Empress Xiaogongren | Born Yinzhen (胤禎); Created Prince Xun of the Second Rank (恂郡王) in 1723; Granted the posthumous name Qin (勤) |
| Yinji 胤禨 |
23 February 1691 | 30 March 1691 | Consort Ping | Died young | |
| 15 | Yinwu 胤禑 |
24 December 1693 | 8 March 1731 | Consort Shun Yi Mi | Created Prince Yu of the Second Rank (愉郡王) in 1726; Granted the posthumous name Ke (恪) |
| 16 | Yinlu 胤祿 |
28 July 1695 | 20 March 1767 | Consort Shun Yi Mi | Adopted by Boguoduo, Prince Zhuang; Inherited the title Prince Zhuang of the First Rank (莊親王) in 1723; Granted the posthumous name Ke (恪) |
| 17 | Yinli 胤禮 |
24 March 1697 | 21 March 1738 | Consort Chun Yu Qin | Created Prince Guo of the Second Rank (果郡王) in 1723; Granted the posthumous name Yi (毅) |
| 18 | Yinxie 胤祄 |
15 May 1701 | 17 October 1708 | Consort Shun Yi Mi | Died at the Chengde Mountain Resort from the mumps |
| 19 | Yinji 胤禝 |
25 October 1702 | 28 March 1704 | Imperial Concubine Xiang | Died young |
| 20 | Yinyi 胤禕 |
1 September 1706 | 30 June 1755 | Imperial Concubine Xiang | Created a Beile (貝勒) in 1726 |
| 21 | Yinxi 胤禧 |
27 February 1711 | 26 June 1758 | Imperial Concubine Xi | Created Prince Shen of the Second Rank (慎郡王) in December 1735 |
| 22 | Yinhu 胤祜 |
10 January 1712 | 12 February 1744 | Imperial Concubine Jin | Created a Beile in 1730; Granted the posthumous name Gongqin (恭勤) |
| 23 | Yinqi 胤祁 |
14 January 1714 | 31 August 1785 | Imperial Concubine Jing | Created a Beile in 1730; Granted the posthumous name Cheng (誠) |
| 24 | Yinmi 胤祕 |
5 July 1716 | 3 December 1773 | Imperial Concubine Mu | Created Prince Xian of the First Rank (諴親王) in 1733; Granted the posthumous name Ke (恪) |
| Yinyuan 胤禐 |
2 March 1718 | 2/3 March 1718 | Honored Lady Chen | Died soon after birth |
| Number | Title | Born | Died | Married | Spouse | Issue | Mother |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | unnamed | 23 December 1668 | November 1671 | Ordinary Consort Zhang | |||
| 2 | unnamed | 17 April 1671 | 8 January 1674 | Ordinary Consort Dong | |||
| 3 | State Princess Rongxian 固倫榮憲公主 |
20 June 1673 | 29 May 1728 | July 1691 | Borjigit Urgun, Prince of Baarin 博爾濟吉特烏爾袞 |
Consort Rong | |
| 4 | unnamed | 16 March 1674 | 1678 | Ordinary Consort Zhang | |||
| 5 | Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank 和碩端靜公主 |
9 June 1674 | April 1710 | November or December 1692 | Ulanghan Garzang 烏梁罕噶爾臧 |
Honored Lady Bu | |
| 6 | State Princess Kejing 固倫恪靖公主 |
4 July 1679 | 1735 | 1697 | Borjigit Dunduobudorji, Prince of the Khalkha Mongols | Honored Lady Gorolo | |
| 7 | unnamed | 5 July 1682 | September 1682 | Empress Xiaogongren | |||
| 8 | unnamed | 13 July 1683 | late July or August 1683 | Empress Xiaoyiren | |||
| 9 | State Princess Wenxian 固倫溫憲公主 |
10 November 1683 | August or September 1702 | October or November 1700 | Tunggiya Shun’anyan 佟佳舜安顏 |
Empress Xiaogongren | |
| 10 | State Princess Chunque 固倫純愨公主 |
20 March 1685 | 1710 | 1706 | Borjigit Celeng 博爾濟吉特策棱 |
Borjigit Chenggunzhabu 博爾濟吉特成袞札布 |
Imperial Concubine Tong |
| 11 | unnamed | 24 October 1685 | June or July 1686 | Noble Consort Wen Xi | |||
| 12 | unnamed | 14 June 1686 | late February or March 1697 | Empress Xiaogongren | |||
| 13 | Princess Wenke of the Second Rank 和碩溫恪公主 |
1 January 1688 | July or August 1709 | 1706 | Borjigit Cangjin 博爾濟吉特倉津 |
Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min | |
| 14 | Princess Quejing of the Second Rank 和碩愨靖公主 |
16 January 1690 | 1736 | 1706 | Sun Chengyun, Baron of the First Rank 一等男孫承運 |
Honored Lady Yuan | |
| 15 | Princess Dunke of the Second Rank 和碩敦恪公主 |
3 February 1691 | January 1710 | January or February 1709 | ‘’Taiji’’ Borjigit Dorji 博爾濟吉特台吉多爾濟 |
Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min | |
| 16 | unnamed | 27 November 1695 | October or November 1707 | Ordinary Consort Wang | |||
| 17 | unnamed | 12 January 1699 | December 1700 | Ordinary Consort Liu | |||
| 18 | unnamed | 17 November 1701 | Imperial Noble Consort Dun Yi | ||||
| 19 | unnamed | 30 March 1703 | late February or March 1705 | Imperial Concubine Xiang | |||
| 20 | unnamed | 20 November 1708 | January or early February 1709 | Ordinary Consort Niuhuru |
|
Kangxi Emperor
Born: 4 May 1654 Died: 20 December 1722 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by The Shunzhi Emperor |
Emperor of China 1661–1722 |
Succeeded by The Yongzheng Emperor |